A Comissão de Direito Internacional, as fontes do direito internacional, e a sua visão de si mesma: abordagens no “Projeto sobre Costume” e no “Projeto sobre Meios Subsidiários”

Luíza Leão Soares Pereira

Résumé


O objetivo do artigo é discutir o “pedigree” dos materiais produzidos pela Comissão de Direito Internacional das Nações Unidas (CDI, a Comissão), e como esse tópico tem sido visto pela própria Comissão em dois dos seus projetos, o “Projeto sobre Identificação de Costume Internacional” (2012-2018) e o “Projeto sobre Meios Subsidiários para Determinação de Regras de Direito Internacional” (2021 - em andamento). A metodologia empregada é a análise jurídica de materiais primários e secundários. Esse trabalho será a primeira análise aprofundada dos materiais da CDI no Projeto dos Meios Subsidiários, ainda em andamento. Demonstra-se que há uma discrepância entre como a CDI tratou seus próprios materiais nos dois projetos. No Projeto sobre Costume, a Comissão evita olhar para seu próprio trabalho, e não inclui uma discussão substancial sobre o assunto em suas Conclusões. No Projeto sobre Meios Subsidiários, a postura da Comissão é mais realista: até agora, ela indica que leva a sério a sua autoridade na formação do direito internacional, levantando discussões que o Relator Especial chama de “desconfortáveis”, porém importantes. A discussão dentro da CDI sobre o pedigree de seus próprios materiais nestes dois projetos revela uma tensão que permeia a própria teoria das fontes do direito internacional, que oscila entre o estadocentrismo e uma aproximação da complexa realidade da formação do direito internacional. Conclui-se que o comparativo realismo do Projeto sobre Meios Subsidiários é mais adequado, pois abre o processo normativo do direito internacional e seu “colégio invisível” ao escrutínio de Estados, de acadêmicos e de práticos.

Mots-clés


Comissão de Direito Internacional das Nações Unidas, fontes do direito internacional; formação do direito internacional; costume internacional; doutrina dos publicistas

Texte intégral :

PDF (Português (Brasil))

Références


ALVAREZ, José E. International Organizations as Law-Makers. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2006.

ALVAREZ, José E. Governing the World: International Organizations as Lawmakers. Suffolk Transnational Law Review, v. 31, p. 591–613, 2008.

BAXTER, Richard R. International Law in “Her Infinite Variety”. International and Comparative Law Quarterly, v. 29, p. 549, 1980.

BESSON, Samantha. Theorizing the Sources of International Law. In: BESSON, S.; TASIOULAS, J. (org.). The Philosophy of International Law. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2010. p. 164–190.

BESSON, Samantha; D’ASPREMONT, Jean. The Sources of International Law: An Introduction. In: The Oxford Handbook of the Sources of International Law. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2018.

BORDIN, Fernando Lusa. Reflections of Customary International Law: the Authority of Codification Conventions and ILC Draft Articles in International Law. ICLQ, v. 63, n. 03, p. 535–567, 2014.

BORDIN, Fernando Lusa. Still Going Strong : Twenty Years of the Articles on State Responsibility’s ‘Paradoxical’ Relationship between Form and Authority. Disponível em: . Acesso em: 20 ago. 2021.

BOYLE, Alan; CHINKIN, Christine. The Making of International Law. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2007. p. 263–312.

BRUNNÉE, Jutta. Consent. In: Max Planck Encyclopedia of Public International Law. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2022.

CARON, David D. The ILC Articles on State Responsibility: the paradoxical relationship between form and authority. American Journal of International Law, v. 96, p. 857–888, 2002.

CHAZOURNES, Laurence Boisson de. The International Law Commission in a Mirror – Forms, Impact and Authority. In: Seventy Years of the International Law Commission. Leiden: Brill, 2020. p. 136–158.

CHIMNI, B. S. Customary International Law: A Third World Perspective. American Journal of International Law, v. 112, n. 1, p. 1–46, 2018.

CRAWFORD, James. Brownlie’s Principles of Public International Law. 9. ed. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2019. p. 21.

CRAWFORD, James. Chance, Order, Change: the Course of International Law. Recueil des Cours, v. 365, p. 58–120, 2013.

DUGARD, John. How effective is the International Law Commission in the development of international law? A critique of the International Law Commission on the occasion of its Fiftieth Anniversary. South African Yearbook of International Law, v. 23, p. 34–44, 1998.

ESTATUTO DA CORTE DE DOUTRINA INTERNACIONAL. Disponível em: https://legal.un.org/ilc/texts/instruments/english/statute/statute.pdf. Acesso em: 18 set. 2025.

ESTATUTO DA CORTE INTERNACIONAL DE JUSTIÇA. Art. 59. Disponível em: https://www.planalto.gov.br/ccivil_03/decreto/1930-1949/d19841.htm . Acesso em: 18 set. 2025.

HERNANDEZ, Gleider. The International Court of Justice and the Judicial Function. 1. ed. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2014.

HIGGINS, Rosalyn. The Development of International Law through the Political Organs of the United Nations. London: Oxford University Press, 1963.

INTERNATIONAL COURT OF JUSTICE. North Sea Continental Shelf Cases. Judgment of 20 February 1969. ICJ Reports, 1969, p. 3, para. 77.

INTERNATIONAL LAW COMMISSION. Draft conclusions on identification of customary international law. Yearbook of the International Law Commission, 2018. p. 119.

INTERNATIONAL LAW COMMISSION. A/1316, Report of the International Law Commission covering its 2nd session, 5 June–29 July 1950.

INTERNATIONAL LAW COMMISSION. Draft Conclusions on Identification of Customary International Law, With Commentaries. New York: United Nations, 2018. Disponível em: https://undocs.org/A/73/10. Acesso em: 18 set. 2025.

INTERNATIONAL LAW COMMISSION. First report on formation and evidence of customary international law by Michael Wood, Special Rapporteur. New York: United Nations, 2013. A/CN.4/663.

INTERNATIONAL LAW COMMISSION. Second report on identification of customary international law by Michael Wood, Special Rapporteur. New York: United Nations, 2014. A/CN.4/672.

INTERNATIONAL LAW COMMISSION. Third report on the identification of customary international law by Michael Wood, Special Rapporteur. New York: United Nations, 2015. A/CN.4/682.

INTERNATIONAL LAW COMMISSION. Fourth report on identification of customary international law by Michael Wood, Special Rapporteur. New York: United Nations, 2016. A/CN.4/695.

INTERNATIONAL LAW COMMISSION. Fourth report on identification of customary international law by Michael Wood, Special Rapporteur Addendum. New York: United Nations, 2016. A/CN.4/695/Add.1.

INTERNATIONAL LAW COMMISSION. Report of the International Law Commission on the Work of its Sixty-Eighth Session, 2 May–10 June and 4 July–12 August 2016. A/71/10, pp. 76–117.

JALLOH, Charles C. A/76/10, Annex Subsidiary Means for the Determination of Rules of International Law. Report of the International Law Commission. General Assembly Official Records, Seventy-Sixth Session, Supplement No. 10 (A/76/10), 2021.

JALLOH, Charles. A/CN.4/760 ILC 74th Session First Report on Subsidiary Means for the Determination of Rules of International Law. February 2023.

JALLOH, Charles. A/CN.4/760 ILC 74th Session First Report on Subsidiary Means for the Determination of Rules of International Law. February 2023, para. 332.

JALLOH, Charles. A/CN.4/781 ILC 76th Session Third Report on Subsidiary Means for the Determination of Rules of International Law. 2025.

JENNINGS, Robert Yewdall. Recent Developments in the International Law Commission: Its Relation to the Sources of International Law. ICLQ, v. 18, n. April 1964, p. 385–397, 1964.

LAUTERPACHT, Hersch. The Development of International Law by the International Court. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2010.

MARKS, Susan. State-Centrism, International Law, and the Anxieties of Influence. Leiden Journal of International Law, v. 19, p. 339–365, 2006.

MENDELSON, Maurice. The Subjective Element in Customary International Law. British Yearbook of International Law, v. 66, p. 177–208, 1995.

ORAISON, André. Réflexions sur la Doctrine des Publicistes les Plus Qualifiés des Différentes Nations. Revue Belge de Droit International, v. 21, p. 507–524, 1991.

PAUWELYN, Joost; WESSEL, Ramses A.; WOUTERS, Jan. When Structures Become Shackles: Dynamics in International Lawmaking. European Journal of International Law, v. 25, 2014,

PERMANENT COURT OF INTERNATIONAL JUSTICE. SS Lotus. Judgment of 07 September 1927. PCIJ, Series A, No. 10.

PEREIRA, Luíza Leão Soares. The ILC in the eyes of the ILC: mirror or looking-glass?’. In: DROUBI, SUFYAN; D’ASPREMONT, JEAN (Org.). Perspectives on International Organisations and Formation of Customary International Law. Manchester: Manchester University Press, 2020

SENDER, Omri. International Law-Making by the International Court of Justice and International Law Commission: Partnership for Purpose in a Decentralized Legal Order. Cambridge: CUP, 2024.

SCHACHTER, Oscar. The Invisible College of International Lawyers. Northwestern University Law Review, v. 72, n. 2, p. 217–226, 1977.

SIVAKUMARAN, Sandesh. Beyond States and Non-State Actors: The Role of State-Empowered Entities in the Making and Shaping of International Law. Columbia Journal of Transnational Law, v. 55, p. 343–408, 2017.

SLOAN, Blaine. The Binding Force of a “Recommendation” of the General Assembly of the United Nations. British Yearbook of International Law, v. 25, p. 1–33, 1948.

SLOAN, Blaine. General Assembly Resolutions Revisited (Forty Years Later). British Yearbook of International Law, v. 58, p. 39–150, 1987.

STEPHENS, Tim. The Development of International Environmental Law by the International Court of Justice. In: DERS., L.; DERS., S. (ed.). Research Handbook on Fundamental Concepts of Environmental Law. Cheltenham: Edward Elgar, 2022. p. 184–204.

TALMON, Stefan. Determining Customary International Law: The ICJ’s Methodology between Induction, Deduction and Assertion. European Journal of International Law, v. 26, p. 417–443, 2015.

THIRLWAY, Hugh. International Customary Law and Codification. Leiden: Sijthoff, 1972. p. 47.

THIRLWAY, Hugh. The Sources of International Law. 2. ed. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2019.

TLADI, Dire. Representation, inequality, marginalization, and international law-making: the case of the International Court of Justice and the International Law Commission. UC Irvine Journal of International, Transnational and Comparative Law, v. 7, p. 60-92, 2022.

VAN DOUWEN, Keri. Seventeen men at Lake Success: In search of the International Law Commission. Leiden Journal of International Law, v. II, p. 1–23, 2024.

VILLALPANDO, Santiago. On the International Court of Justice and the Determination of Rules of Law. Leiden Journal of International Law, v. 26, p. 243–251, 2013.p.243. p. 244.

VILLALPANDO, Santiago. The ‘Invisible College of International Lawyers’ Forty Years Later. In: ESIL Conference Paper Series, 2013, p. 1

VILLALPANDO, Santiago. Codification Light: A New Trend in the Codification of International Law at the United Nations. Brazilian Yearbook of International Law, v. 8, p. 117, 2013;

WERNER, Wouter. The Making of Lawmaking. In: The Many Paths of Change in International Law, 2023, p. 149.

WOOD, Sir Michael. Teachings of the Most Highly Qualified Publicists (Art. 38(1) ICJ Statute). In: Max Planck Encyclopedia of Public International Law. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2010.

WOUTERS, Jan; DE MAN, Phillip. Working Paper No. 21 – March 2009. Leuven: Leuven Centre for Global Governance Studies, 2009




DOI: https://doi.org/10.5102/rdi.v23i1.10278

ISSN 2236-997X (impresso) - ISSN 2237-1036 (on-line)

Desenvolvido por:

Logomarca da Lepidus Tecnologia