The ISIS Eradication of Christians and Yazidis: Human Trafficking, Genocide, and the Missing International Efforts to Stop It

Sarah Myers Raben

Resumo


Human trafficking is one of the most shocking and horrifying crimes of the twenty-first century—a criminal enterprise that is funding and motivating terrorist groups like ISIS. The systematic brutality against Christians and Yazidis is unparallel, as ISIS battles to exterminate any trace of non-Muslim groups from Syria and Iraq.
Pope Francis brought ISIS atrocities onto the world stage and called it genocide, as did U.S. Secretary of State John Kerry. While the United Nations acknowledged genocide against the Yazidis, the U.N. erred when it failed to distinguish the violence against Christians as genocide, as well.
ISIS forces are on the decline, but accountability for their crimes is inconclusive. Iraq and Syria are not members of the International Criminal Court, which means ISIS fighters are unlikely to be subject to jurisdiction of any ICC proceeding. While the number of nations enacting trafficking statutes continues to increase, the laws are virtually powerless unless ISIS criminals are inside the borders of the country. The only plausible avenue lies in the U.N. Security Council resolution to investigate ISIS war crimes in Iraq. While U.S.-backed forces continue to weaken ISIS, the world stage should proceed with careful optimism, and not let Christianity be an impediment to a strong stance against terrorism

Texto completo:

PDF (English)

Referências


RICO Charges, United States Department of Justi­ce. Available in: https://www.justice.gov/usam/crimi­nal-resource-manual-109-rico-charges

USC § 7102 (2000)

Al Kresta, Under Caesar’s Sword: A Report on the Conferen­ce, in The Persecution and Genocide of Christians in the Middle East 363, 366 (Ronald J. Rychlak & Jane F. Adolphe eds., 2017)

Allen McDuffee, ISIS Is Now Bragging About Enslaving Women and Children, The Atlantic Daily (Oct. 13, 2014). Available in: https://www.theatlantic.com/internatio­nal/archive/2014/10/isis-confirms-and-justifies-ensla­ving-yazidis-in-new-magazine-article/381394/

Andrew Cockburn, 21st-Century Slaves, National Geo­graphic, (Sept. 2003)

Cathy Otten, Life After ISIS Slavery for Yazidi Women and Children, The New Yorker (Aug. 31, 2017). Available in: https://www.newyorker.com/news/news-desk/life-after-isis-slavery-for-yazidi-women-and-children

CNN Library, ISIS Fast Facts, CNN (Updated Oct. 17, 2017), http://www.cnn.com/2014/08/08/world/isis-fast-facts/index.html

David Nakamura &Abby Phillip, Trump Announces New Strategy for Afghanistan that Calls for a Troop Incre­ase, The Washington Post (Aug. 21, 2017). Availa­ble in: https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/ trump-expected-to-announce-small-troop-increase-in-afghanistan-in-prime-time-address/2017/08/21/ eb3a513e-868a-11e7-a94f-3139abce39f5_story. html?utm_term=.0ee1669194d5

Dr. Ely Karmon, The Day After ISIS: the Middle East After the Islamic State Where Will ISIS Regroup?, BICOM (Oct. 10, 2017). Available in: http://www.bicom.org. uk/blogpost/day-isis-middle-east-islamic-state-will-isis-regroup/

Eight Uzbekistan Nationals Among 12 Charged with Ra­cketeering, Human Trafficking & Immigration Violations in Scheme to Employ Illegal Aliens in 14 States, The United States Department of Justice (May 27, 2009). Available in: https://www.justice.gov/opa/pr/eight-uzbekistan-nationals-among-12-charged-racketeering-human-traf­ficking-immigration

End Trafficking, UNICEF. Available in: https://www. unicefusa.org/sites/default/files/assets/pdf/End-Child-Trafficking-One-Pager.pdf

Euan McKirdy, 8 times Russia blocked a UN Security Council resolution on Syria, CNN (Apr. 13, 2017). Available in: http://www.cnn.com/2017/04/13/middleeast/russia-unsc-syria-resolutions/index.html

Faisal Irshaid, Isis, Isil, IS or Daesh? One Group, Many Na­mes, BBC (Dec, 2, 2015). Available in: http://www.bbc. com/news/world-middle-east-27994277

Global Report on Trafficking in Persons 2016, United Na­tions Office on Drugs and Crime (2016). Available in: http://www.unodc.org/documents/data-and-analysis/ glotip/2016_Global_Report_on_Trafficking_in_Per­sons.pdf

H.R. Con. Res. 75, 114th Cong. (2015-2016)

Hilary Clarke, Nick Paton Walsh, Eliza Mackintosh & Ghazi Balkiz, ISIS Defeated in Raqqa as ‘Major Military Operations’ Declared Over, CNN (Oct. 18, 2917). Availa­ble in: http://www.cnn.com/2017/10/17/middleeast/ raqqa-isis-syria/index.html

Hudson Institute Releases Report on the ISIS Propaganda Ploy to Hide its Genocide of Christians, Hudson Institute (July 21, 2016), Available in: https://www.hudson.org/ research/12666-hudson-institute-releases-report-on-the-isis-propaganda-ploy-to-hide-its-genocide-of-chri­stians

Ishaan Tharoor, Islamic State Burned a Woman Alive for not Engaging in an ‘Extreme’ Sex Act, U.N. Official Says, The Washington Post (May 22, 2015). Available in: https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/worldviews/ wp/2015/05/22/islamic-state-burned-a-woman-alive-for-not-engaging-in-an-extreme-sex-act-u-n-official-says/?utm_term=.4058e0a57e79

Jack Moore, ISIS Leader Abu Bakr Al-Baghdadi is Likely Alive, U.S. Commander Says, Newsweek (Sept. 1, 2017). Available in: http://www.newsweek.com/intelligence-points-isis-leader-abu-bakr-al-baghdadi-being-alive-us-commander-658192

James Reinl, Q&A: Probing Islamic State’s Sex Atrocities with the United Nations, Middle East Eye (May 18, 2015). Available in: http://www.middleeasteye.net/news/ qa-probing-islamic-state-s-sex-atrocities-united-na­tions-106400442

Jim Acosta & Jeremy Diamond, Obama ISIS Fight Re­quest Sent to Congress, CNN (February 12, 2015). Avai­lable in: http://www.cnn.com/2015/02/11/politics/ isis-aumf-white-house-congress/index.html

Justice for Victims of Trafficking Act of 2015, S. 178, 114th Cong. (2015-2016)

Kathryn Watson, Fight Against ISIS has Shifted to “An­nihilation Tactics,” Mattis says CBS News (May 28, 2017). Available in: https://www.cbsnews.com/news/fight-against-isis-has-shifted-to-annihilation-tactics-mattis-says/

Letter from President Barack Obama to The Con­gress of the United States (Feb. 11,2015). Avai­lable in: http://i2.cdn.turner.com/cnn/2015/ images/02/11/2015aumf.2.11.15.msg.rel.pdf

Loretta Napoleoni, Merchants of Men: How Jihadists and ISIS Turned Kidnapping and Refugee Trafficking into a Multi-Billion Dollar Business (2016)

Madison Rossi, Amal Clooney Praises United Nations for Putting ISIS Terrorists ‘On Trial’ Via New International In­vestigation, People (Sept. 25, 2017). Available in: http:// people.com/movies/amal-clooney-praises-united-na­tions-for-putting-isis-terrorists-on-trial-via-new-inter­national-investigation/

Mark J. Perry, Thomas Sowell on Slavery and This Fact — There are More Slaves Today Than Were Seized From Africa in Four Centuries, AEIdeas (October 18, 2017). Available in: http://www.aei.org/publication/thomas-sowell-on-slavery-and-this-fact-there-are-more-slaves-today-than-were-seized-from-africa-in-four-centuries/

Matthew Rosenberg, Citing Atrocities, John Kerry Calls ISIS Actions Genocide, New York Times (Mar. 17, 2016). Available in: https://www.nytimes.com/2016/03/18/ world/middleeast/citing-atrocities-john-kerry-calls-isis-actions-genocide.html?_r=0

Melissa L. Breger, Trauma in Sex-Trafficked Children, in Human Trafficking, Emerging Legal Issues and Appli­cations, 171, 172 (Nora M. Cronin & Kimberly A. Ellis eds., 2017)

Nick Vivion, Human Trafficking: Toppling a $32 Billion Illegal Industry through Technology, Sabre (May 25, 2016). Available in: https://www.sabre.com/insights/human-trafficking-toppling-a-32-billion-illegal-industry-throu­gh-technology/

Nima Elbagir, Ghazi Balkiz, & Tamara Qiblawi, ISIS’ Power is Waning, but its Child Slave Trade is Still Booming, CNN (Oct. 18, 2017). Available in: http://www.cnn. com/2017/10/18/middleeast/isis-yazidi-slavery-child-slaves/index.html

Nina Shea, The ISIS Genocide of Middle Eastern Christian Minorities and Its Jizya Propaganda Ploy, Hudson Institute (Aug., 2016). Available in: https://s3.amazonaws.com/ media.hudson.org/files/publications/20160721TheIS­ISGenocideofMiddleEasternChristianMinoritiesandIts JizyaPropagandaPloy.pdf

Nina Shea, The ISIS Genocide of Middle Eastern Christian Minorities and Its Jizya Propaganda Ploy Hudson Institute (Jul. 21, 2016). Available in: https://www.hudson.org/ research/12665-the-isis-genocide-of-middle-eastern-christian-minorities-and-its-jizya-propaganda-ploy

Pope Francis, Christianity Threatened in ISIS Propaganda Video that Vatican Aide Calls Worrying, Fox News (Aug. 26, 2017). Available in: http://www.foxnews.com/ world/2017/08/26/pope-francis-christianity-threate­ned-in-isis-propaganda-video.html

PROTECT Act, S. 151, 108th Cong. (2003-2004) (enacted)

Ray Sanchez, ISIL, ISIS or the Islamic State?, CNN (Oct. 25, 2017). Available in: http://www.cnn. com/2014/09/09/world/meast/isis-isil-islamic-state/

Rex W. Tillerson, Secretary of State, Letter from Secretary Tillerson, Trafficking in Persons Report 2017. Available in: https://www.state.gov/j/tip/rls/tiprpt/2017/271105. htm

Security Council Approves Probe into ISIL’s Alleged War Crimes in Iraq, UN News Centre (Sept. 21, 2017). Available in: http://www.un.org/apps/news/story. asp?NewsID=57631#.WhYvBbbMy8U

Shannon A. Welch, Note, Human Trafficking and Terro­rism: Utilizing National Security Resources to Prevent Human Trafficking in the Islamic State, 24 Duke J. Gender L. & Pol’y, 165, 169 (2017)

Statement of the Prosecutor of the International Criminal Court, Fatou Bensouda, on the alleged cri­mes committed by ISIS, (Apr. 8, 2015). Available in: https://www.icc-cpi.int/Pages/item.aspx?name=otp-stat-08-04-2015-1

Stephen J. Schulhofer, The Enemy Within (2002)

Terrorists use Human Trafficking to Generate Revenue, Demo­ralize Adversaries, Fill the Ranks, Lexis-Nexus (Dec. 31, 2014). Available in: http://www.homelandsecuritynew­swire.com/dr20141231-terrorists-use-human-traffi­cking-to-generate-revenue-demoralize-adversaries-fill-the-ranks

The Persecution and Genocide of Christians in the Middle East (Ronald J. Rychlak & Jane F. Adolphe eds., 2017)

The PROTECT Act, Polaris. Available in: https://pola­risproject.org/current-federal-laws

The Revival of Slaver Before the Hour, Dabiq (2014)

Trafficking and Terrorism, Partners in Crime, The Freedom Story (June 29, 2017). Available in: http://thefree­domstory.org/trafficking-and-terrorism-partners-in-crime

U.N. News Centre, Russia, China block Security Council referral of Syria to International Criminal Court, UN News Centre (May 22, 2014). Available in: http://www.un.org/apps/ news/story.asp?NewsID=47860#.V2gNtLgrKuk

United Nations Genocide Prevention and the Responsibility to Protect, United Nations. Available in: http://www. un.org/en/genocideprevention/genocide.html

Victims of Trafficking and Violence Protection Act of 2000, H.R. 3244, 106th Cong. (2000). Available in: https://www.state.gov/j/tip/laws/61124.htm (Octo­ber 28, 2000)

Victor Boutros & John Richmond, The World Day Against Trafficking Persons, Oxford Human Rights Hub (Sept. 11, 2017) Available in: http://ohrh.law.ox.ac.uk/ the-world-day-against-trafficking-in-persons/

Victoria Craw, Inside My Life as an ISIS Sex Slave, New York Post (Oct. 11, 2017). Available in: https://nypost. com/2017/10/11/inside-my-life-as-an-isis-sex-slave/




DOI: https://doi.org/10.5102/rdi.v15i1.5191

ISSN 2236-997X (impresso) - ISSN 2237-1036 (on-line)

Desenvolvido por:

Logomarca da Lepidus Tecnologia